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Towards a new idea of \u200b\u200bcommunity in the contemporary city-territories


The application of social and community participation was one of the causes, but especially for centuries was the product of urban civilization, at least until the advent of the modern metropolis, which has transformed the relationship between the men by making them more transient and less stable.
Today this question of community seems to have finally run out. But it is only the fault of the poor quality of public spaces of the contemporary city, unable to take on the character of places? Surely there are stronger reasons and more complex to understand.
In particular it is worth dwelling on the speed of growth and transformation of the contemporary city-territories and especially the speed with which they move, mix, transform its people (if people can still talk).
an example of the scope of the ongoing trials could be mentioned the old town, many referred to as legacy of urbanity and human scale of social life, yet today almost everywhere subject to gentrification that in essence, is nothing more than the replacement of the inhabitants, with their web of relations that time has painstakingly concocted, with users or other social categories (temporary residents, workers, tourists, students) to the same areas that express a completely different question, not so much participation as a district and then as a community, but rather performance.
Our urbanity change, in other words, even if it does not change the physical image of the city. At the same time the social classes that are expelled from the city centers are scattered in an area less and less defined, less recognizable, but also larger and more mutable, and disperse break the bonds that held them together in the concept of community.
Cacciari argues that the difficulty in building community in post-metropolis is given by 'man's inability to address the trend to the' atopy 'city-territory, but perhaps more simply, the cause is nell'inconciliabilità between times of human relationships and the short time of processing and the re-signification of the territory.
next question is whether this really is waning demand for community, or if you are not quite turning into something else. If we extend our eyes from each city to global city with its pervasive network of physical mobility, monetary and information, we realize that there is a network of global relations it deepens and enriches the time and clamoring for his physical spaces in the city.
It is clear then that application needs to rethink the spaces of contemporary cities on the basis of insecurity not only the city itself, but the relationships that they insist on it. Perhaps, to borrow a provocation Park, that city dwellers are living as in some large hotels, meeting without knowing, you might groped interpretation of the city, not as home but as community property, a new community lighter elusive and, perhaps, but comprehensive and flexible.

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The crisis of urban planning in the era agreed

Almost all planning instruments have appeared in recent years - integrated programs of action, district contracts, recovery plans, etc. .. - Focus on the idea of \u200b\u200bconcerted planning, with the aim of preventing upstream of the most frequent causes of conflicts between government and private - inequality, etc. - and thus make the process smoother planning.


Many of these tools, however, are based on assumptions that undermines the same schedule as we know, that is regulated by a general plan, in particular the idea that urban transformation is taken by agreement between administrations and land and, above all, one may make exception to the plan.


These developments, however, in a general context of continued deregulation implemented by urban standards like the building amnesty, however, have de-legitimized the plan actually making a simple task for recording architectural transformations agreed. Planning as a technique for governing the transformation of the city as a system you are replacing a schedule of payments for projects of varying quality, but not oriented to a vision of the city system.
And what is more problematic is that in this new scenario are also dramatically changed the balance of power between directors, who are called to plan in the public interest, and individuals who, being the main providers of resources for urban municipalities in the form of charges, not actors but are actually simple actors with a specific gravity factor in decisions on regional planning.


seem to be many Italian cities on their skin suffering the effects of this distorted idea of \u200b\u200bplanning: in Rome the continuing urbanization of large segments of the Roman with new residential neighborhoods in a city that has already an offer of accommodation much higher than the application seems to describe well the subordination of private interests in planning.


If the considerations we have made are valid, what idea of \u200b\u200bplanning and with what responsibilities, if you still have one, we run? It is said that the planning is in crisis because the cities have stopped growing, it seems to me rather than the urban crisis is primarily a crisis of decision-making power of the planners towards a growth that has never stopped.

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Paradigm Shift


It seems useful to start a discussion on the theory of "paradigm shift".
I would say that besides being a good point of comparison might be considered the culmination of a declaration of our intent, if anything, had the common purposes and if anything were to one day bring together different and new consciousness around them. In my view the study and the approach to new and exciting theories would be futile if our generation of urban planners were limited to mimic or even worse, to patch up the shortcomings of the paradigm "current".
For Thomas Kuhn, epistemology, theory of "paradigm shift", in contrast to what we previously thought, the science does not proceed along an evolutionary movement and its history is nothing but a succession of dominant paradigms and scientific revolutions. In the paradigm, scientists are trying to work out problems and formulate solutions to the ideas and theories accepted, these tools are not enough if there are anomalies. The accumulation of anomalies leads to the attempt to understand the phenomenon in a completely different way. New approaches to the scientific community ol'affermarsi of a new community that looks at the problem in an alternative way may lead to another paradigm. The process of transition from "normal science" to science revolutionary affirmation of the latter leads to the affinity of incommensurable with the previous theoretical constructs. It is usually for the latter reason that the new scientific community effort to deal strongly with the previous year.
The interesting Kuhn's theory has been extended to various other fields. Politics and society are affected by such a paradigm and in turn they can create new ones using any tool at their disposal: mass media, money, or for example the 'education. Choose to support or bomb a paradigm according to the contemporary dynamics.
The paradigm is in fact a set of beliefs, a fluid mass of problems & solutions in everyday life we \u200b\u200btake for granted and unchangeable. Now, raise your eyes and think how would you do without all that was perceived as real. Now, close your eyes and lift to the first cause of your daily or your instincts of life. By doing so you are just barely teasing the current paradigm.
Why this might be of interest to us, as well as men and women as planners, is obvious: I think the city is growing too powerful for the paradigms and the wave of acclaim and logical systems are created opportunities territorial transformation. Wanting to be more specific and without too much trouble centuries of urban culture in the history of Italian cities, since the postwar period, it is possible see the different ways of interpreting reality, and to design the ideal habitat that alternated every revolutionary nearly a decade.
the names and slogans, is now ingrained in our memories, we can see the train of the propaganda that these ideas carry with them.
areas of expansion, individual mobility, zoning, axles equipped, satellite neighborhoods, the elevated, the expressways, subways, shopping malls, residences, polycentrism ... all strong theoretical or operational tools (of concrete ed'acciaio) and tested, which, if not considered too vintage, now use with confidence and a nearly automatic istintivo, animale. Ma, pur sempre, strumenti teorizzati da una generazione di intellettuali, di professionisti e di policy makers che si trovarono a supportare le “loro” visioni nel tentativo di condurle all’egemonia culturale. Le scintille di tale pulsione scaturivano, oggi come ieri, forse dalla voglia di successo professionale, forse dal denaro, forse dall’amore per un uomo o per una donna, fatto sta che il fuoco da loro generato divampa sempre su tutto e ha generato cancrene urbane difficili da curare.
È infatti molto interessante costatare come tale “effetto pervasivo” del paradigma tappi occhi ed orecchie di fronte ad ogni notifica dei limiti offerti dalle più comuni leggi della fisica and socialize, resulting in inconsistent patterns perpetration of obsolete and damaging the organization of production as well as that of the territory and society. The effect is so pervasive that sometimes there is no question we put on a play or not 'action, on whether or not to sign a document, or at least draw a line (in our case will be a highway, a bridge, a wall ... ). Without any reluctance design single-family row houses beige and decide in which area will be held on education, which will sprout in green, where it will be the residence and where the work, we propose for urban redevelopment alcoholic abandoned and draw car parks, parking lots everywhere. (Not being paid ... but that's a different paradigm ...) I think
than ever at this time there is such a deep gulf between urban theory and practice. Among the groups of entrepreneurs and scholars. Among the international or global think tank and the governments of nation states. It is certainly very interesting to observe the effects of these frictions, and annotate them with expertise, to appear in time and history but I think it's really more interesting, following the lesson of Kuhn, participate with radical ideas to develop new instruments and new relationships in reality. I think it may be possible to cut a bit 'of time and space to practice to be free to imagine a habitat and society away from bureaucratic desires of the "magnificent and progressive" button, the feasibility with a meter that is not necessarily mathematical but rather experiential. The utility of such testing is not trivial and could exercise if nothing else to independence of thought and planning to create new and original approaches to society, nature and economy, which have always shaped characters in the territory in which we operate.
I often wonder if you feel the need. And if you think that maybe you could use the tools at our disposal (virtual zones, design, software, ink, academic exercises, conferences ...) to raise the levels of this clash between theory and launch our new speeches against the anomalies that we experience every day, countering the reproduction and perpetuation of outdated and obsolete patterns.
Well, perhaps this could be one of our aims in common.

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METROPOLIZ

[Plan of Metropoliz]

Metropoliz This is an amazing place. The other day in the wake of Andrea we ventured on a visit that would be easier to describe as a journey.


The Metropoliz, that in a few days is one year old, is the second largest occupation of Rome.


of Fiorucci live in the former slaughterhouse in fact dozens of people who try every day to resist the precariousness and to rebuild their world. Communities must face, wider, and playing inside.


The Metropoliz has been occupied by some Roma were evicted from the scope of Centocelle, they joined other activists and homeless Italians, Moroccans, Eritreans, Peru and Sudan.


As a whole the complex, the main Via, near Tor Sapienza, consists of two large blocks (red and yellow on the plan), a hangar (dark textures) and a few buildings: the "yellow house" and the kasbah (in blue). The first old factory building (in red) is smaller than the second (yellow) is characterized by a layering of functions and large rooms divided according to the due process of treatment and processing of raw materials as "meat"


The first building on the ground floor is occupied by a community of Roma. Following a rough draft drawn up by some architects, were built several residential areas within the large and high building, resting on the original structural mesh, perforated walls painted red or purple areas and corridors to define "standard" where you can admire tools, kitchens and tables . Outer space, facing south, which first hosted a rose garden, is used today as a large common courtyard, where women wash and dry clothes and numerous children play and learn to walk. A boy tells of work on the exhaust and those made for building houses. Sleeping in a tent that does not relax at all the spirit and work shifts that all have come to the following week.


Upstairs, the house of the old master, just above the area of \u200b\u200bchemical laboratories., Lives a family of Peruvians, each room has become a room, a house, a living room. There is access to the terrace: large and well oriented to where you see the tower with the words Metropoliz which dominates the surrounding landscape.


Andrea said that the factory is a bit 'like the forest to a small village. The Metropoliz survival is guaranteed by many raw materials that are inside the factory, most of these resources has already been stolen by some who then fled, but you can find still, metals, waste, machinery. Some sell them, others use them directly, others are working to redevelop them to their shelter. Every corner of the factory has been sifted, scratched, drained, holding together the various clues with the help of the story of Andrea I imagined the theft and the work of extraction of copper from electrical cables.


The path is a fusion of temporal information, stories and anecdotes that have become intertwined, civil wars, wars, social, police sieges and dance hall next to Sherwood. After all, Metropoliz, might just be considered a good and clever self-organization of urban experience, though, as Andrew himself says, is still in its prehistory.


The second and largest part of the building is now used for meetings of the collective of the blocks and the residents of Metropolitan Precarious Metropoliz. Entry: the courtyard, an arm of the Eritrean case marked with the letter and number pool, A.2, A.3 ... and the guard post. In the main door of the factory were all drawn to the flags representing the nationalities of each tenant. Entering the beautiful, clear expression, is the headquarters of the Assemblies. The top floor is where most projects are planned for a future opening to the district youth employment. They plan a library, a language school and new housing. The spaces are in fact former abattoir well made and would support a project to easily reuse functionality. Each part of the complex has been mapped by Andrea and many calculations have been made to ensure everyone a minimum of 20 to a maximum of 60 square meters.


visiting the many terraces and listening to the reconstruction of the old process I thought there might be many empty factories around Rome, for Italy and what would be proud to see some Luddites so tanned.


With the eye of one who sees things that do not exist, Andrea talks about his projects and those that were decided in the assemblies. Everything seemed beautiful to me, as I was impressed by the friendliness and the excitement with which we greeted the various groups we met during the walk.


some Africans living in the yellow house I can not remember the source. The windows are made of colored sheets and southern shadow falls strangely on the floors and walls. On the ground floor lives a Ukrainian. We meet him busy in his new kitchen fitted and features the imperial staircase just finished in front of his home on Liberty Avenue.


The last group we encountered consisted of some Moroccan men who cook a recently slaughtered sheep. Living in the Kasbah: a complex of houses all gathered around a courtyard that could be Arabic. The ram was hung at the entrance of the courtyard. Andrea told us all that this summer saw the TV in the yard. And the contrasts between communities. The men ate and drank wine in the air and waving their knives. Takes pleasure in our curiosity and posed as happily.


It was especially interesting to know that the project site, which includes as a priority the need for housing is Whereas some traditional ways of living cultures of Metropoliz. But even more interesting was to see how the residents decorate their rooms and homes and the place that increasingly takes shape as their home.


Our journey ended in the great green space where concerts are held occupation. Has a separate entrance and everyone is always happy to celebrate. Up to 4000 people danced in the occupied spaces of the Metropolis, many others were involved and informed.


I could conclude by saying that: knowledge of work experience and struggle as they carry in one dimension hyper-reality, of course, reduces any problems on the agenda at the basic and necessary survival of themselves and their families. Addressing problems such as insecurity and poor housing is a serious thing and many have found alternative methods that are being tested and seeking to cooperate with the process described a few posts ago of the "paradigm shift". Almost everything in Metropoliz was negotiated, contested, challenged. Recently ended civil war, and many are trying to filibuster. But we are starting to build networks and water and bring electricity everywhere. Children can go to school and men and women can work in the district.


Prehistory mean to refer to different values \u200b\u200band needs that often are considered entirely abstract. It involves sinking insecurity and violent struggle between groups and be aware of the chaos.


Anything can happen or has happened to Metropoliz.

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Natural Remedies against gynecomastia gynecomastia

Gynecomastia can be a serious problem for many boys and men. In fact, it is said that one third of the population suffers or has suffered, at some point in his life. Gynecomastia is breast growth in men, just like women. It can be caused by many factors, mainly related to hormones and overweight. Gynecomastia leads to low self-esteem and low self-confidence and people want to get rid of as soon as possible.

There are ways to hide gynecomastia. We have seen in previous articles that you can use bras for men to wear compression garments or wearing a pair of very large shirts. These are methods that may work for some time when there are alternatives. For example, during puberty, gynecomastia is due to temporary production of estrogen, which can not be stopped and the only thing you can do is hide until the problem is over.

There is a surgical solution to reduce gynecomastia. It is a noninvasive way to eliminate it, though. It is anesthesia, aspiration of the fat, cut the skin, shape of the new skin after the operation and sometimes is also necessary to reposition the nipple. It is risky, as any transaction, even if effective.

And then there are natural remedies. Natural remedies are favored by many people because they have no side effects. If you are suffering from pseudoginecomastia (gynecomastia is caused by overweight or obesity), there is a very economical and effective way to reduce it: exercise. Walking, jogging, skiing, or take steps. It's inexpensive, has no side effect, if not the growth of muscles, be fit and feel better than ever.

Another natural remedy to reduce gynecomastia are medicinal herbs. There are herbal compounds to naturally reduce this problem. They are 100% natural and have no side effect, but then their effectiveness is yet to be demonstrated and for the most part there is not always a scientific study that clearly states that they work. They usually work on fat cells (pseudoginecomastia) or the glands that produce testosterone and estrogen (gynecomastia).

If you are tired of hiding your gynecomastia, you feel uncomfortable when you have to take off his shirt and do not want to undergo surgery, expensive and less safe than other treatments, have a chance to natural remedies.

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Delete with surgery

In previous articles we have already seen some ways to hide or get rid of gynecomastia. Hide the gynecomastia is not a thing you can do forever. It's okay to disguise for a while 'time, for example if you are a teenager and the solution is only a matter of waiting. You can also hide while you search for the best solution by talking with doctors. Sooner or later, though, you should intervene.

You can diet and exercise to reduce fat. This is one possible solution if the problem is that pseudoginecomastia gynecomastia is caused by fat. What if diet and exercise do not work or just do not want them? What to do if you tired of hiding your gynecomastia and the problem is hormonal imbalance? The answer is surgery. The medical term for surgery of gynecomastia is "reduction mammoplasty".

There are two main types of surgery to reduce gynecomastia: liposuction and surgical excision. Liposuction is a surgery performed with the patient under general anesthesia. It is recommended for gynecomastia caused by overweight. The fat is sucked out of my chest with a cannula. Liposuction is very effective and the patient may recover completely in 1 to 2 weeks, although it is best to limit the movement of arms for up to 6 weeks. A Sometimes the surgeon requires an elastic compression bandage which makes it more comfortable recovery and avoids the problems of post-operative physical.

Surgical excision is good when the gynecomastia is not caused by fat, but by hormonal imbalances and problems with glands. Excision is actually the removal of the tissues that form the gynecomastia, cutting the skin near the armpit or under the areola and removing the breast tissue. The incision is then stitched and the scars are not usually visible. Sometimes in order to ensure perfect results are used both treatments with surgical excision followed by liposuction. Again it is advisable to avoid excessive movements of arms and chest.

These are the techniques have proven most effective. A negative result of surgery to reduce gynecomastia is that it is invasive (like any other surgical technique) and risky as all operations, but the result is a flat chest in a matter of weeks. Another disadvantage is cost. corrective surgery for gynecomastia is expensive. Remember, look for discounts and promotions but always the best bet. It's your health and the most important issue.

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Tips to get rid of gynecomastia

If you want to delete the gynecomastia, read some of the tips that follow are shown to work well. It's no big secret, but there's just no secrets to reduce gynecomastia. Let's start with age. Reducing the gynecomastia and 10 or 25 years is different. We go into details.

12 to 18 years how to get rid of gynecomastia is simple: do nothing. It will be a complete waste of time trying to eliminate the gynecomastia at that age. Gynecomastia in adolescents is caused by an imbalance of hormones that produce too little estrogen and testosterone, and the breast grows, just like the girls. This has nothing to do with being female, of course. It's just a matter of hormones and you can not control your glands. Up to 18 years only have to wait for the glands begin to work regularly. You can try to nasconderela gynecomastia in the meantime, if that helps, but try to reduce it to that age is unnecessary.

If you are younger than 18, there are two reasons why you may have a large bosom. It is called gynecomastia and pseudoginecomastia.

Gynecomastia is caused by hormonal problems. The pseudoginecomastia is caused by fat. It is always associated with belly fat and fat in other parts of the body.

Gynecomastia can be reduced with medications or surgery. The pseudoginecomastia may be reduced in the same way that you reduce the fat "normal" diet and exercise.

We will give information about surgery gynecomastia, or other ways to reduce it in other articles. In this article we focus on the reduction of gynecomastia caused by fat (remember that name is pseudoginecomastia). Diet and exercise can do much about it, but diet and exercise need a lot of self-discipline. We are sure that if you really want to reduce gynecomastia are ready to be very consistent in your intentions. We all know the feeling when you can not do activities that involve having to remove the shirt or wear elastic bandages, compressing clothing or two shirts. Assuming you are convinced to do a diet, do not start by themselves. Do not "invent" your diet because you might as well make the problem worse. Go and visit an endocrine, have them analyze your case and be given a balanced diet. It could be a long journey, but eventually you get rid of gynecomastia.

Along with the diet you can exercise. This is something you can do at your own pace. You can do aerobic exercise such as walking, jogging, skiing and step to convert fat into energy. That's the beauty of aerobic exercise, which works tremendously well in reducing gynecomastia. You can also exercise anaerobically, though. A good anaerobic exercise for gynecomastia is the incline bench. Train your upper chest, do a lot of training of the chest and the fat will disappear, but also followed this good advice that most people ignore: exercised his shoulders and neck, too. If you do, the skin covering your male breast will hang around the upper chest and will not have the flaccid appearance we all want to avoid.

This is pretty much everything there is to say about how to get rid of gynecomastia. As I said at the beginning of this article there are no secrets or formulas. " If you have already got rid of gynecomastia (or pseudoginecomastia) I'd love to hear your method. Have your say!

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trick to hide the main causes of gynecomastia gynecomastia

Gynecomastia can really be a big problem for someone. Feel embarrassed, increases the lack of confidence, self-esteem is very low, and so on. We do not mention even trying to talk to girls in local club or several. It seems that everyone is there to look at your chest, even if no one does, and you end up giving up. There are some tricks you can take to hide your gynecomastia. The problem will not go away hiding it but only you can stop worrying, while you search for a definitive treatment. If you want to get rid of gynecomastia, read on, you might be interested.

wear a bra. You must be joking. Obviously we are not talking about lingerie. There are some athletes who used bras compress the breasts with the result of hide and keep him stopped. There is only one thing worse than a male breast: a breast male jumps. These bras make a great job of compression, in secret. You can find it in any store sportswear. Be sure to buy an estate for maximum compression. These bras are usually simple and there are models without seams, so you do not have to worry about all that can be seen through normal shirts.

elastic bandages are another way to hide gynecomastia compressing it. The advantage of this method is that it rises and compresses the breast so that in some cases (depending on the shape and extent of your gynecomastia) appear to have a muscular chest. The compression bandage bands are often used by people who are subjected to liposuction and other surgical treatments. They are designed to reduce the swelling and recover faster after surgery. They are available for many parts of the body. The higher level of compression (which can be too in your case) needs a prescription. These items are specifically designed to compress and cut the skin on her stomach so they are very effective and will not loosen tight t-shirt like normal, which eventually stopped working.

Another way to hide your gynecomastia is the opposite to compress, ie wear very large shirts or sweaters. Buy T-shirts two sizes too big actual size. If you combine it with another shirt or even slightly smaller than an elastic bandage, the result is very effective. The reason for wearing a pair of shirts is that sometimes, if it is hot, the sweat can be seen under your breasts with the rollover effect, what you do not want that to happen.

Also, remember that wearing dark clothing (preferably blacks) or vertical stripes actually streamlines the body shape. This will not make miracles, but every trick is good to reduce gynecomastia.

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Gynecomastia is a disorder that affects the chest of men, which develops and grows up to appear like the breast of a woman. 10% of the population is affected. Sometimes only half of the breast has gynecomastia and, strange as it may seem, this makes the problem worse, because the lack of symmetry is seen as a problem in the problem.

There are mainly three causes of gynecomastia:

The first and most common is hormonal imbalance during puberty. Boys produce testosterone, while girls produce estrogen. During puberty boys and girls go through natural hormonal changes and sometimes guys produce more estrogen and testosterone. At that point, the breasts begin to develop. At the age of 12 to 18 years this is a source of embarrassment, school or outdoor activities, the kids do not feel comfortable and are sometimes ridiculed by peers or by the "friends". The bad news is that there is very little (say anything) to do to eliminate gynecomastia at that age and the good news is that, once puberty is over, gynecomastia will go away on its own, without doing anything. The hormonal balance is restored to new, more testosterone will be produced, then everything will be back in place.

If the gynecomastia persists after puberty (up to 19 years), most often is associated with overweight or obesity. In this case it is not appropriate to talk about gynecomastia, but only a weight problem that is also called pseudoginecomastia. The breasts are made of fat and men with breast often also have a belly too fat. The solution to this problem is practice, practice, practice. Aerobic exercise "converts" the fat into energy. If you can combine exercise with a healthy diet you will see a great reduction of the problem. Jogging, stepping, skiing and hiking are all good examples of aerobic exercises. Choose the one you like best to get rid of gynecomastia.

The third reason why you may be gynecomastia is taking certain medications. There are drugs such as cimetidine, spironolactone or finasteride (the latter is a common drug for androgenetic alopecia or hair loss) affecting the glands that produce testosterone and increase the production rate of estrogen. Talk to your doctor if you are taking a drug and you have symptoms of gynecomastia, the solution may be as simple as changing medication.

These are the most common reasons why a man can develop breasts like women. Understanding what causes gynecomastia is the first step to combat it. In other articles we will discuss how to get rid of, but we can only do so if we know the cause